COVID-19 patients with malnutrition more likely to have severe outcomes, study finds

Adults and children with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) who have a history of malnutrition may have an increased likelihood of death and the need for mechanical ventilation, according to a new study published in the journal Scientific Reports.

Malnutrition hampers the proper functioning of the immune system and is known to increase the risk of severe infections for other viruses, but the potential long-term effects of malnutrition on COVID-19 outcomes are less clear.

For the study, researchers investigated associations between malnutrition diagnoses and subsequent COVID-19 severity, using medical records for 8,604 children and 94,495 adults who were hospitalised with COVID-19 in the United States between March and June 2020. Patients with a diagnosis of malnutrition between 2015 and 2019 were compared to patients without.

Of 520 (6 percent) children with severe COVID-19, 39 (7.5 percent) had a previous diagnosis of malnutrition, compared to 125 (1.5percent) of 7,959 (98.45 percent) children with mild COVID-19. Of 11,423 (11 percent) adults with severe COVID-19, 453 (4 percent) had a previous diagnosis of malnutrition, compared to 1,557 (1.8percent) of 81,515 (98.13 percent) adults with mild COVID-19.

Children older than five and adults aged 18 to 78 years with previous diagnoses of malnutrition were found to have higher odds of severe COVID-19 than those with no history of malnutrition in the same age groups. Children younger than five and adults aged 79 or above were found to have higher odds of severe COVID-19 if they were not malnourished compared to those of the same age who were malnourished.

In children, this may be due to having less medical data for those under five, the researchers said. The risk of severe COVID-19 in adults with and without malnutrition continued to rise with age above 79 years.

The researchers suggest that public health interventions for those at highest risk of malnutrition may help mitigate the higher likelihood of severe COVID-19 in this group.

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